Mantle Convection

From Mantle Heat to Mountains: How Plate Tectonics Shapes Continents, Oceans, and Volcanoes

Plate tectonics, driven by Earth's internal heat and mantle convection, is the fundamental process shaping continents, oceans, mountains, and volcanic activity. The interaction of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries creates diverse geological features and drives long-term changes in climate and ecosystems.